Discuss the importance of slides and films strips projects in education?
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edia range from the simple and available, such as chalkboards, to the complex and costly, such as television or video, film or filmstrips. You are not likely to use all the instructional media that we discuss in this book. In fact, you should not attempt to. However, after considering the factors in media selection, compare what you already have with the media described here. Select a few that are feasible. You can change them after carrying out an evaluation such as the one discussed at the end of this chapter. You can also incorporate some of the ideas suggested here to modify media currently in use. From our experience, the novice lecturer tends to use too many instructional media, leading to confusion among the students. On the other hand, the old professor tends to resist trying out new technologies, and sticks to old, tried methods, which may prove unexciting. A middle course is the best. Now let’s move on to discuss some specific media.
Photography: Photos, Slides and Slide-tapes, Filmstrips
The commonest photographic products that we use as instructional media are photographs (black and white or coloured), slides or film strips.
Advantages of Photography
A picture tells more than a thousand words.
Photographs, slides and filmstrips are easier to produce than drawings or paintings. They can ‘tell a story’. They make ‘invisible’ things become visible and they are easy to use in self-instruction. They are useful to compare different events. In fact, photography is a graphic method to capture and record reality. Whenever you are limited in space or time and cannot show real objects or events to your students, photography can help you with realistic visual representations of the objects or events.
A logical sequence of photographs can be combined into a story which will be either self-explanatory or require only a little text. In ready made filmstrips, the photo story is usually accompanied by a text for the instructor, or a cassette tape which presents the story to the audience. Self-instruction is also facilitated by photographs. This advantage is often used in textbooks.
Imagine you would like to demonstrate the shape of bacteria to 500 students in the lecture hall. Only five microscopes are available, and two of them are out of order. Since bacteria cannot be observed with the naked eye, micro-photography can solve this problem.
The capacity of photography goes beyond micro- and macro-exposures. Infra-red or X-ray exposures are particularly interesting in scientific lectures. They can make things, such as the bones in our bodies or the digestive system in living organisms, visible.
When comparing time sequences or different locations, photography is unbeatable. The change of the clinical picture during a disease or the effect of a drug to cure a disease, can easily be shown by a photograph. So can changes in the weather.
Overhead Projector
Transparencies are acetate or plastic sheets, normally about letter size (A4), on which you can write your information. The transparency is then used with an overhead projector to show the written material on a screen or wall (Figure 6.8). This instructional medium is probably next to the chalkboard and handouts in frequency of use. Unlike chalkboards, which are restricted to small classes, the OHP can be used with medium or large classes. Use it to demonstrate visually important points, show diagrams, highlight issues, build up information as you teach, and to support other methods of communication visually.
Before you make transparencies, you should plan them carefully just as you planned your printed media.
Notice the position of the presenter and the pointer (marker/pen) being used. Do you always face your students when you use an overhead projector or do you face the screen?
Preparing an Overhead Transparency
Here are some useful steps in preparing overhead transparencies.
Select the material that you will use for your transparencies. If there is no acetate paper, then clear plastic sheets, or old but well cleaned x-ray plates will do.
Measure your page according to the size of the OHP screen. Leave a margin at the sides, top and bottom. This will ensure that all your information can be displayed at once if necessary.
Plan your text and diagrams carefully. Try to summarize the main points. You should not attempt to convey your entire talk on the OHP,
Remember that you can also add information to your original transparency as you talk. This can be done by using special pens.
Choose your colour pens. There are basically two kinds of pens which you can use for writing or drawing on transparencies: (a) spirit-based pens whose images are permanent, meaning that the writing or drawing can only be erased using special solvents such as methylated spirits, and (b) water based pens whose images can be erased with plain water.
Use large bold lettering and clear simple drawings with as few lines and labels as possible (Laver, 1990).
Photography: Photos, Slides and Slide-tapes, Filmstrips
The commonest photographic products that we use as instructional media are photographs (black and white or coloured), slides or film strips.
Advantages of Photography
A picture tells more than a thousand words.
Photographs, slides and filmstrips are easier to produce than drawings or paintings. They can ‘tell a story’. They make ‘invisible’ things become visible and they are easy to use in self-instruction. They are useful to compare different events. In fact, photography is a graphic method to capture and record reality. Whenever you are limited in space or time and cannot show real objects or events to your students, photography can help you with realistic visual representations of the objects or events.
A picture tells more than a thousand words.
Photographs, slides and filmstrips are easier to produce than drawings or paintings. They can ‘tell a story’. They make ‘invisible’ things become visible and they are easy to use in self-instruction. They are useful to compare different events. In fact, photography is a graphic method to capture and record reality. Whenever you are limited in space or time and cannot show real objects or events to your students, photography can help you with realistic visual representations of the objects or events.
A logical sequence of photographs can be combined into a story which will be either self-explanatory or require only a little text. In ready made filmstrips, the photo story is usually accompanied by a text for the instructor, or a cassette tape which presents the story to the audience. Self-instruction is also facilitated by photographs. This advantage is often used in textbooks.
Imagine you would like to demonstrate the shape of bacteria to 500 students in the lecture hall. Only five microscopes are available, and two of them are out of order. Since bacteria cannot be observed with the naked eye, micro-photography can solve this problem.
The capacity of photography goes beyond micro- and macro-exposures. Infra-red or X-ray exposures are particularly interesting in scientific lectures. They can make things, such as the bones in our bodies or the digestive system in living organisms, visible.
When comparing time sequences or different locations, photography is unbeatable. The change of the clinical picture during a disease or the effect of a drug to cure a disease, can easily be shown by a photograph. So can changes in the weather.
Overhead Projector
Transparencies are acetate or plastic sheets, normally about letter size (A4), on which you can write your information. The transparency is then used with an overhead projector to show the written material on a screen or wall (Figure 6.8). This instructional medium is probably next to the chalkboard and handouts in frequency of use. Unlike chalkboards, which are restricted to small classes, the OHP can be used with medium or large classes. Use it to demonstrate visually important points, show diagrams, highlight issues, build up information as you teach, and to support other methods of communication visually.
Before you make transparencies, you should plan them carefully just as you planned your printed media.
Notice the position of the presenter and the pointer (marker/pen) being used. Do you always face your students when you use an overhead projector or do you face the screen?
Preparing an Overhead Transparency
Here are some useful steps in preparing overhead transparencies.
Select the material that you will use for your transparencies. If there is no acetate paper, then clear plastic sheets, or old but well cleaned x-ray plates will do.
Measure your page according to the size of the OHP screen. Leave a margin at the sides, top and bottom. This will ensure that all your information can be displayed at once if necessary.
Plan your text and diagrams carefully. Try to summarize the main points. You should not attempt to convey your entire talk on the OHP,
Remember that you can also add information to your original transparency as you talk. This can be done by using special pens.
Choose your colour pens. There are basically two kinds of pens which you can use for writing or drawing on transparencies: (a) spirit-based pens whose images are permanent, meaning that the writing or drawing can only be erased using special solvents such as methylated spirits, and (b) water based pens whose images can be erased with plain water.
Use large bold lettering and clear simple drawings with as few lines and labels as possible (Laver, 1990).
Here are some useful steps in preparing overhead transparencies.
Select the material that you will use for your transparencies. If there is no acetate paper, then clear plastic sheets, or old but well cleaned x-ray plates will do.
Measure your page according to the size of the OHP screen. Leave a margin at the sides, top and bottom. This will ensure that all your information can be displayed at once if necessary.
Plan your text and diagrams carefully. Try to summarize the main points. You should not attempt to convey your entire talk on the OHP,
Remember that you can also add information to your original transparency as you talk. This can be done by using special pens.
Choose your colour pens. There are basically two kinds of pens which you can use for writing or drawing on transparencies: (a) spirit-based pens whose images are permanent, meaning that the writing or drawing can only be erased using special solvents such as methylated spirits, and (b) water based pens whose images can be erased with plain water.
Use large bold lettering and clear simple drawings with as few lines and labels as possible (Laver, 1990).
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