Describe the system of higher education in Germany ,compare this system with higher education system of Pakistan.

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Germany, higher education are offered at three types of Higher Education Institutions.
o Universities(Universitäten)
These institutions offer the whole range of academic disciplines. In the German tradition, universities focus in particular on basic research so that advanced stages of study have mainly theoretical orientation and research-oriented components. 

o Universities of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen)
These institutions concentrate their study programmes in engineering and other technical disciplines, business-related studies, social work, and design areas. The common mission of applied research and development implies a distinct application oriented focus and professional character of studies, which include integrated and supervised work assignments in industry, enterprises or other relevant institutions.

o Universities of Art/Music (Kunst- und Musikhochschulen)
These institutions offer studies for artistic careers in fine arts, performing arts and music; in such fields as directing, production, writing in theatre, film, and other media; and in a variety of design areas, architecture, media and communication. Besides these three main types, which may be either state institutions or private institutions recognised by the state, some special categories exist, like church-maintained colleges, universities of cooperative education (Berufsakademien), colleges of education or colleges of public administration. In their operations, including the organisation of studies and the designation and award of degrees, all types are subject to higher education legislation.

Types of programmes
German higher education used to be offered in integrated "long" (one-tier) programmes leading to Diplom- or Magister Artium degrees or completed by a Staatsprüfung (State Examination).

German higher education is currently adapting to the three cycle degree system of the European Higher Education Area. Therefore, the old one-tier programmes are successively being replaced by a the new system. Bachelor and Master's programmes are now offered at most institutions instead of the integrated "long" programmes, except for most study programmes in law and medicine. The Bachelor and Master's programmes are designed to provide an enlarged variety and flexibility to students in planning and pursuing educational objectives and they also intend to enhance international compatibility of studies and thus international mobility. Increasingly, higher education institutions offer study programs taught in English to attract a larger number of incoming students. Doctorate or PhD programmes are for the most part not yet subject to state regulations, but there exists a clear trend towards more integrated programmes.

Overview degree structure
Comparison Between Germany and Pakistan Higher Education:
INIDICATORS FOR THE QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION OF PAKISTAN

Higher educational policy making is a very important aspect for the quality of Higher Education, because all the planning, implications, controls, results etc. are included in this policy making discussion and indicators can be effectively used for policy decisions (Cohen, 1980). In Pakistan National Educational Policy in 1979 had been decided that the universities would be facilitated with adequate educational scientific equipment and laboratories facilities, libraries with update equipment. A national System for admission in a university has been developed and launched (Read Pakistan, 2015).

Pre- and In-service teacher training programs had been organized by the national academy of Higher Education. And the standard amendment in university act has been made for the betterment of the university management. According to the factors/indicators which had been decided in the national education policy 1979, the first university in the private sector, the Agha Khan University was established in 1983, then Lahore university of management science (LUMS) in 1985. This has set the trend for establishment of other private universities in the private sector according to these standard indicators. Factors like the administration management, quality of teachers, accreditation, student clubs, and 80% attendance strict call have also been included in policy in 1992. 1998-2010 policy brought additional to upgrade the quality of Higher Education by bringing teaching, learning and research process in line with international standards. Furthermore quality of students like standard of student intake and infrastructure e.g. curricula are considered as the major quality factors of Higher Education. For all these things policy making and its implementation is a very important issue.

It can also assumed that there is no uniform implementation criteria of HEC for universities. Although the universities are passing through a transition period e.g. due to lack of enough financial resources, the proper yardstick of HEC to assess the quality of the universities is violated badly by the institutes. For example private universities violate the standard criteria for selection of the appropriate faculty members and for the admission of students. Public universities have competitive faculty compared to private institutes but the infrastructure of public universities is not so standard. So both public and the private universities have strengths and weaknesses.

It is responsibility of HEC to develop and maintain the standard uniform quality criteria. This is to ensure the provision of quality education at Pakistani Universities. Nevertheless it is now quite interesting to know about the quality of a higher educational system of Germany.

1 SHORT INTRODUCTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF GERMANY

There are different higher educational institutes with equivalent status in Germany, which provide the different types of Higher Education.

The higher educational institutes are based on universities, universities of applied sciences and colleges of art and music. These institutes are accredited and are private, state higher educational institutions and financed and run by state, recognized private institutions, the protestant and catholic churches. Some universities are area specific such as Medicine, Art, and Technology. Whereas the practical work contained area of Engineering, Business and Social Sciences have been offered by applied sciences university’s which mostly private higher educational institutes of this country are. However, the overall educational institutes have been decreased, but the Higher Educational institutes in Germany have risen to 24% from 1996/7 (Bildungsbericht, 2014).

Due the founding of in the meanwhile large number of applied universities, but with less number of students the number of higher educational institutions becomes more and more. Students are mostly being registered in state universities. One reason can be the significant rising number of study courses on offer, which are approximately 9500 Bachelor and 7000 Master programs (Autorengruppe Bildungsberichterstattung (2014), Bildung in Deutschland 2014). .